Walker's Texas Division 12th Infantry (Young's 8th Infantry)

The 12th Texas Infantry Regiment was led by Colonel Overton C. Young and thus also known as Young's Regiment. The regiment was assigned to Brigadier General Thomas Neville Waul's [First] Brigade of Major John George Walker's Texas [Greyhound] Division, Trans-Mississippi Department. The regiment saw action in March-May 1864 in Louisiana [the Red River Campaign] and Arkansas [the Camden Expedition]. Some men are known to have fought at the battle at Corinth, Mississippi. Men from this regiment have many names to their regiment as Young's, 12th, 8th, Waul's Texas Legion, and Timmon's Regiment (after Waul's field officer Colonels Barnard Timmons). After fighting at Jenkins' Ferry, it moved to Hempstead and disbanded in the May 26, 1865. The field officers were Colonel Overton C. Young; Lieutenant Colonels William Clark, B. A. Philpott, and James W. Raine; and Major Erastus Smith. Many of the 12th was originally in the Reserve Companies and then enlisted for military service in the general CSA army. 12th Infantry Regiment [also called 8th Regiment] was organized and mustered in Confederate service at Waco, Texas, during the spring of 1862. Its members were recruited in the towns and cities of Clarksville, Cameron, Hempstead, Nacogdoches, Fairfield, and Waco, and the counties of Comanche, Milam, and Grimes. Organization The 12th Texas Confederate Infantry Regiment (also known as the 8th Infantry Regiment and Young's Regiment) was organized in early 1862 and surrendered in May 1865. Engagements Young's Point, June 7, 1863 Red River Campaign, March 10 - May 22, 1864 Camden Expedition, March 23 - May 3, 1864 Mansfield, April 8, 1864 Pleasant Hill, April 9, 1864 Jenkins Ferry, April 30, 1864 Regimental Field and Staff Original Regimental Officers: Overton Young - Colonel February 1862. Promoted to Brigadier General September 1862. Other Regimental Officers: William Clark - Lt. Colonel Benjamin A. Philpott - Lt. Colonel James W. Raine - Major, Lt. Colonel Erastus W. Smith - Major Regimental Journal February 1862 - May 1862 Assigned to the Eastern District of Texas, Department of Texas May - August 1862 Assigned to Eastern District of Texas, Trans - Mississippi Department August 8, 1862 Ordered to Little Rock, Arkansas by Brigadier General P.O. Herbert September 17,1862 Assigned to Colonel Young's First Brigade at Austin, Arkansas September 28, 1862 - January 1863 Young's First Brigade assigned to Brigadier General Henry McCulloch's First Division, II Corps, Trans - Mississippi Department January 14, 1863 General McCulloch's Division separated from Trans - Mississippi Department, assigned to General E. Kirby Smith's Southwestern Army February - March 1863 Assigned to Young's - Hawe's Brigade, McCulloch's - Walker's Division, District of Arkansas, Trans - Mississippi Department May 1863 - April 1864 Assigned to Hawe's - Waul's Brigade. McCulloch's - Walker's Division, District of Arkansas, Trans - Mississippi Department June 9, 1863 Battle of Young's Point March 10 - May 22, 1864 Red River Campaign March 13, 1864 Hawes' Brigade marches to Long Bridge near Mansuro, Louisiana March 15,1864 Hawes' Brigade marches to Tolbert's Bridge, seven miles below Cheneyville, Louisiana March 23 - May 3, 1864 Camden Expedition April - September 1864 Assigned to Waul's Brigade, Walker's Division, District of Arkansas, Trans - Mississippi Department April 8, 1864 Battle of Mansfield April 9, 1864 Battle of Pleasant Hill April 30, 1864 Battle of Jenkins Ferry May 23, 1864 Colonel Young recommended for promotion to Brigadier General, he and Brigade cited for bravery in General Waul's official report on Jenkin's Ferry September 1864 - May 1865 Assigned to Waul's First Brigade, Forney's First Division, II Corps, Trans - Mississippi Department May 26, 1865 Surrendered by Lt. General E. Kirby Smith commanding the Trans - Mississippi Department Part One Order of Battle In October of 1862, Brigadier General Henry McCulloch was assigned the duty of making a general organization of the Texas Volunteer Infantry that were encamped at Camp Nelson, Arkansas into a division. The division consisted of four brigades, with a battery of light artillery attached to each brigade. Major General John G. Walker relieved McCulloch from command about three months later, and would command the division until June of 1864. McCulloch was assigned command of third brigade. This all Texan division would be the largest Confederate outfit composed of troops from a single state. It has been said that Walker's division did less fighting and more walking than any other outfit in the war. While it is true that the division didn't see as much combat as some in the east, they faced distances and hardships unheard of on the other side of the Mississippi. Union troops would honor the division with the name we most often refer to today, "Walker's Greyhounds." This is in respect to the rapid, long distance, forced marches which put Walker's men anywhere in Arkansas or Louisiana where the blue suited horde threatened. Walker's Greyhounds were the backbone of Confederate military force in the Trans-Mississippi Department. This is how the division was organized in October 1862. First Brigade Colonel Overton Young 12th Texas Vol. Infantry 13th Texas Dismounted Cav. 18th Texas Vol. Infantry 22nd Texas Vol. Infantry Halderman's Battery Second Brigade Colonel Horace Randal 28th Texas Dismounted Cav. 11th Texas Vol. Infantry 14th Texas Vol. Infantry Gould's TX Infantry. Battalion Daniel's Battery Third Brigade Colonel George Flournoy 16th Texas Vol. Infantry 16th Texas Dismounted Cav. 17th Texas Vol. Infantry 19th Texas Vol. Infantry Edgar's Battery Fourth Brigade* Colonel James Deshler 18th Texas Dismounted Cav. 10th Texas Vol. Infantry 15th Texas Dismounted Cav. 25th Texas Dismounted Cav. * The fourth brigade was only temporarily attached to the division. They were quickly detached for service at Arkansas Post, where they were captured on January 11, 1863. After exchange they finished out the war east of the Mississippi River. In March of 1865, the 2nd Texas Partisan Rangers, 34th Texas Cavalry, 29th Texas Cavalry, and Well's Texas Cavalry were dismounted, attached to the division, and a new fourth brigade was formed. It might be good to point out that during the war, a dismounted cavalry unit fought as infantry. Infantry tactics, infantry weapons, infantry gear. What we see most often at reenactments as "Dismounted Cavalry" should probably be better described as "cavalry, fighting dismounted." We will pretend that they got horses hidden in the trees. Confederate Military Organization Company at full strength 4 Officers - Capt. & 3 Lts. 9 NCOs 2 Musicians 100 Privates Battalion. Two or more companies, less than ten, usually five. Regiment. Usually ten companies. Brigade. 2 - 5 regiments, 4 is most common. Division. 2 - 5 brigades, 4 is most common. Corps. Usually 2 Divisions. Army. Usually 2 corps, Cavalry. Basically the same as infantry, sometimes the company is referred to as a troop. Artillery. Batteries had both 4 and 6 guns assigned, most often 6 guns of mixed caliber. Legion. Sort of a combined arms force. Usually consisted of one or two battalions of infantry, one battalion of cavalry, and a battery of light field artillery. Part Two Division Battle History The division was organized in October of 1862 at Camp Nelson near Little Rock AR. Fifteen hundred (1500) died of measles and pneumonia that first winter, before they had a chance to see the elephant. By the end of December they were marching and countermarching between Camp Nelson and Pine Bluff following orders that reversed themselves every few days, opposing real and imagined Federal threats. On January 11, 1863 they were ordered to Arkansas Post, unaware that the post had fallen that very day. The Division stayed in the Pine Bluff area until the end of April when they were ordered to Alexandria, Louisiana. From Alexandria the Division went into action at Perkins Landing, Milikins Bend and Young's Point in the Vicksburg area. After the fall of Vicksburg, the Division was ordered down to south Louisiana to oppose the Yankee menace. The rest of the year brought more marching, fighting and dueling with Federal gunboats in the south Louisiana bayou country, capped by the battle of Bayou Boudreaux, the Atchafalaya Bayou expedition and Yellow Bayou. 1864 would prove to be a long one for the men of Walkers Division. By March, General Banks had a force of over 40,000 Yankee scumbags poised to march up the Red River to Shreveport and beyond Texas. Walkers Greyhounds were forced to fallback in the face of such overwhelming odds, fighting small skirmishes along the way. On April 8th General Taylor had pulled together every Confederate unit from three states to make a stand near Mansfield. This would be the hottest fight of the war for Walkers Greyhounds and they did the job quite well. The Yankees were beaten back with heavy losses in both men and equipment in a fight that lasted all day and into the night, as the Yankees skedaddled back down the road to Pleasant Hill. The 12th Texas was right in the middle of things, playing a pivotal role in the capture of the Nimms and Chicago Mercantile Battery. Fighting resumed the next morning at Pleasant Hill. Yankee reinforcements and Southern exhaustion more or less led to a push, but the Yankees "advanced to the rear" the next morning. This would not be the end of it for the Greyhounds. Up in Arkansas, General Steeles Yankees were making a move on Shreveport from their base in Little Rock. The call came for the Texans and Walkers men were on the road to Camden Ark. to face these Yankees. On April 30, they met Steeles force at Jenkins Ferry on the Saline River in a very hot fight which once again found the Yankee horde "advancing to the rear". With Steele on his way back from where he comes, the Greyhounds were once again ordered to Alexandria, Louisiana. Banks and his gunboats were "surrounded" and the Texans were needed to finish him once and for all. Banks evacuated Alexandria on May 19th after doing some river engineering to get the navy out, a few days before the arrival of the Greyhounds. With Banks no longer a threat, the Texas Division was marched to the Mississippi River with some thought of crossing over but it was not to be. Instead the Greyhounds were marched back up into Arkansas. The Shreveport area would host the Division until the first of March, when orders came to return to Texas. On April 15, 1865 the Division marched into Camp Groce, near Hempstead, Texas. The men were tired of war. News of Robert E. Lee's April 9th surrender of the Army Northern Virginia added to the gloom. The bigwigs of the Trans-Mississippi Dept. had ideas of continuing the war in spite of the Confederate collapse in the east but the men that did the fighting and dying had had enough. On May 19th of 1865 Walkers Greyhounds went home. They didn't surrender, they weren't captured, and they had just seen enough of war to know when it was over. On May 19th the men mutinied, seized all transportation and supplies and carried off to their homes everything they could get their hands on. When Kirby Smith surrendered the Trans-Mississippi Department, his army no longer existed. Walkers Texas Division, like most of the rest of the Confederate Trans-Mississippi era, has been largely ignored by history. These men are our great great grandfathers, uncles and other kin. Their nation called and they answered. We must not let what they went through be forgotten, this is the least that we owe them. The government of the Confederate States of America got underway in the Spring of 1861, not totally prepared to uphold the independence it had declared. The call went out for all able bodied men. Texas answered with men from all backgrounds. The 8th Texas Volunteer Infantry originated at Hempstead, Texas on November 15, 1861, with orders to proceed to Little Rock, Arkansas. After General John G. Walker assumed command of all the Texas units, the 8th Texas was formally redesignated as the 12th Texas Infantry. As Walker's Texas Division, the unit marched throughout Arkansas and Louisiana to defend the states west of the Mississippi River. The 12th Texas Infantry honored themselves in such battles as Milliken's Bend, Mansfield, Pleasant Hill and Jenkins Ferry. At Mansfield, the 12th Texas Infantry captured a Federal battery and turned the cannons back on the Federal troops. In April of 1865, the 12th Texas Infantry was disbanded after the surrender at Appomattox. The devotion and sacrifices that these Texas men endured should not be forgotten.

Moses Lockhart Patton

PATTON, MOSES LOCKHART (1806–1883). Moses Lockhart Patton, early merchant, was born in Twiggs County, Georgia, on January 23, 1806, the son of Major James H. Patton. On September 2, 1835, he received a grant of ten leagues in Texas, which may have been voided after the Texas Revolution. On December 2, 1835, he received a quarter-league grant to an area now in Polk County. He settled in Nacogdoches County in 1835 and contracted, along with A. Jordan, to assist in the removal of the Shawnee Indians from Texas. He participated in the Cherokee War in 1839 and was present when Chief Bowl was killed. Although Patton is not listed in the muster rolls he evidently did serve and consequently received 320 acres of bounty land on January 26, 1855. In 1882 he sent a lengthy letter to the Texas Revolution Veterans Association giving details of his service. He married Susan Henrietta Buford of Claiborne Parish, Louisiana, on December 13, 1840, and they had ten children. The Pattons settled in Pattonia, where he engaged in shipping with flatboats and steamboats on the Angelina River. Moses and his brother Robert were believed to be the first to navigate the Angelina River in a flatboat in 1844 and the first to use a steamboat in 1849. In 1842 Patton journeyed from Houston to Nacogdoches and observed Mexican forces moving Mexican families out of Bexar. After the Civil War he opened a mercantile business in Nacogdoches. He bought some land from N. Adolphus Sterne in 1842. Patton spent his last years on his small farm seven miles east of Nacogdoches and died there on August 11, 1883. He is buried in the Patton Cemetery at a site near Oak Ridge High School. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Daughters of the Republic of Texas, Founders and Patriots of the Republic of Texas (Austin, 1963-). Carolyn Reeves Ericson, Nacogdoches, Gateway to Texas: A Biographical Directory (2 vols., Fort Worth: Arrow-Curtis Printing, 1974, 1987). Louis Wiltz Kemp Papers, Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, University of Texas at Austin. Virginia H. Taylor, The Spanish Archives of the General Land Office of Texas (Austin: Lone Star, 1955). Vertical Files, Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, University of Texas at Austin. Gifford E. White, Amy White of the Old 300 (Austin: Nortex, 1986). Scott Bacon CITATION The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article. Scott Bacon, "PATTON, MOSES LOCKHART," Handbook of Texas Online (http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fpa53), accessed November 20, 2015. Uploaded on June 15, 2010. Modified on April 15, 2014. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.

Charles Placide "Bruno" Durst

DURST, BRUNO (1832–1905). Bruno Durst, farmer, Texas Ranger, Confederate officer, and state representative, was born in Nacogdoches County, Texas, in 1832, the son of John Marie Durst and Harriet Matilda (Jamison) Durst. Durst's father was among the earliest Anglo settlers of Texas. Bruno and his siblings were tutored for a time by John H. Reagan. The family moved to Leon County in 1844 and settled in Leona. Here Bruno established himself as a farmer and in 1856 married Neelanna Shaw. This couple had one child who survived infancy, a son. During the Civil War, Durst served first as a Texas Ranger—as a captain of the Eighteenth Brigade, Texas State Troops—and later as a second lieutenant in Company A of the Thirteenth Texas Cavalry Regiment. With this latter unit Durst saw action in several engagements, including the battles of Vicksburg, Mansfield, and Saline River. Following the war Durst returned to Leon County where he resumed farming.

(#8 in picture.) In 1866 Durst won election as representative for Leon County to the Eleventh Texas Legislature. Neelanna died in 1860, and Durst remarried on February 5, 1868, to Texanna Lusk. This couple had five sons and three daughters. He maintained a home in Leon County for the remainder of his life, being listed as a resident in 1899. Bruno Durst died in Leon County on January 12, 1905, and was buried in the Durst Family Cemetery.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: Memorial and Biographical History of Navarro, Henderson, Anderson, Limestone, Freestone, and Leon Counties, Texas (Chicago: Lewis, 1893). W. D. Wood, A Partial Roster of the Officers and Men Raised in Leon County, Texas (Waco, Texas: Morrison, 1963). Stephenie Tally-Frost, Cemetery Records of Leon County, Texas (Leon County, Texas: Stephenie Tally-Frost, 1967). Mamie Yeary, Reminiscences of the Boys in Gray (McGregor, Texas, 1912; rpt., Dayton, Ohio: Morningside, 1986). CITATION The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article. Aragorn Storm Miller, "DURST, BRUNO," Handbook of Texas Online (http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fdu71), accessed November 19, 2015. Uploaded on June 12, 2010. Modified on November 26, 2014. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.

John Marie Durst

DURST, JOHN MARIE (1797–1851). John Marie Durst, early East Texas merchant and patriot, sometimes called the Paul Revere of the Texas Revolution, was born on February 4, 1797, at Arkansas Post, Arkansas, the son of Jacob and Anna Agnes (Schesser) Durst. Two years later his mother died, leaving Jacob Durst with eight children to raise. In 1803 the family moved to Natchitoches, Louisiana; then in 1806 Jacob and three of his sons, including John M., went to Texas. John, only nine years of age, was taken into the home of his godfather, P. Samuel Davenport, a prominent Nacogdoches merchant who was appointed his guardian after his father's death in 1814. Davenport taught Durst to manage a mercantile firm and to speak several languages, especially Spanish and Cherokee. After the Gutiérrez-Magee expedition, Durst accompanied his exiled godfather to Natchitoches. Soon thereafter, at the age of seventeen, he volunteered for military service in the Second Louisiana Division. He participated in the last years of the War of 1812 (1814–15) and returned to Natchitoches at its end. While living in Natchitoches, Durst became acquainted with Maj. John Jamison, the Indian agent at Fort Jesup, and on February 15, 1821, he married Jamison's young daughter, Harriet Matilda. They had twelve children, six of whom survived to adulthood. They employed John H. Reagan as a tutor for four years. In his will, dated 1824, Samuel Davenport bequeathed 10,000 acres of land in western Louisiana to Durst. In November 1829 as the result of an agreement with Davenport's son Juan Benigno, Durst acquired all Davenport's land titles west of the Sabine River in exchange for Durst's land titles east of the river. In April 1834 Durst received a Mexican land grant of five leagues in Houston, Nacogdoches, and Anderson counties. By 1837 the tax roll for Nacogdoches County listed him as the owner of 36,200 acres of Texas land. By 1829 he had returned to Nacogdoches, where he established a mercantile business, became active in local politics, and was in great demand as an interpreter of Spanish, French, German, and a number of Indian languages. From 1829 until July 1834 he and his family lived in the Old Stone Fort.

In 1832 he took part in the battle of Nacogdoches. Durst served as an interpreter for the Mexican government in its negotiations with the Indians. In 1834 he moved to his San Patricio grant on the Angelina River, where he laid out the town of Mount Sterling. In 1835 Durst was serving as a Texas representative in the legislature of the Mexican state of Coahuila and Texas. While there he learned from Mexican friends of the impending movement into Texas of the forces of Antonio López de Santa Anna. Thereupon Durst rode 960 miles to warn the people of Texas. The ride earned him his Paul Revere sobriquet. During the revolution Durst commanded a company on the east bank of the Angelina River and reported the activities of Col. Galerno Cruz below Nacogdoches. Durst was also captain of a company operating with Thomas J. Rusk against the Kickapoo Indians and against Chief Bowl and the Cherokees. In 1844 he moved to Sterling C. Robertson's colony in what later became Leon County, where he bought land near Leon Prairie. In 1846 he was an agent to receive government supplies for United States troops en route to Mexico. Durst died in Galveston on February 9, 1851, while attending a session of the Texas Supreme Court.

He was buried in the family cemetery on his homestead near Leona in Leon County. His wife died in Leon County on September 23, 1885, and was also buried in the family cemetery. In 1936 the state of Texas erected a monument to John M. and Harriet Matilda Durst in the family cemetery in Leon County.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: Mary Smith Fay, War of 1812 Veterans in Texas (New Orleans: Polyanthos, 1979). Sanford Charles Gladden, Durst and Darst Families of America (Boulder, Colorado, 1969). Nacogdoches County Genealogical Society, Nacogdoches County Families (Dallas: Curtis, 1985). Harold Schoen, comp., Monuments Erected by the State of Texas to Commemorate the Centenary of Texas Independence (Austin: Commission of Control for Texas Centennial Celebrations, 1938). Vertical Files, Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, University of Texas at Austin. Joe E. and Carolyn Reeves Ericson CITATION The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article. Joe E. and Carolyn Reeves Ericson, "DURST, JOHN MARIE," Handbook of Texas Online (http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fdu27), accessed November 19, 2015. Uploaded on June 12, 2010. Published by the Texas State Historical Association. report an error GET TEXAS HISTORY EVERYDAY, WITH DAY BY DAY Each day's email tells a little bit more of the story of Texas and links to our collection of more than 27,000 articles First Name

The Caddo Indians

CADDO INDIANS. Before the middle of the nineteenth century the term Caddo denoted only one of at least twenty-five distinct but closely affiliated groups centered around the Red River in Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Oklahoma. The term derives from the French abbreviation of Kadohadacho, a word meaning "real chief" or "real Caddo" in the Kadohadacho dialect. European chroniclers referred to the Caddo groups as the Hasinai, Kadohadacho, and Natchitoches confederacies, although the "confederacies" are better interpreted as kin-based affiliated groups or bands of Caddo communities. The Hasinai groups lived in the Neches and Angelina River valleys in East Texas, the Kadohadacho groups on the Red River in the Great Bend area, and the Natchitoches groups on the Red River in the vicinity of the French post of Natchitoches (Fort St. Jean Baptiste aux Natchitos), established in 1714. The first European description of the Caddo peoples came in 1542 from diarists traveling with the De Soto entrada, then led by Luis de Moscoso Alvarado (Hernando De Soto had died in the spring of 1542). The Spanish described several of the Caddo groups as having dense populations living in scattered settlements and having abundant food reserves of corn. Twentieth-century archeological investigations of many prehistoric Caddoan sites indicate that Caddo communities were widely dispersed throughout the major and minor stream valleys of the Caddoan area by around A.D. 800. The roots of these peoples can be traced to Fourche Maline or Woodland Period culture groups that began to settle down in small communities, to manufacture ceramics for cooking and storage of foodstuffs, and to develop a horticultural way of life based on the raising of tropical cultigens (corn, squash, and later beans) and certain native plants. The development of prehistoric Caddo culture may have been the result of several factors, including: (a) the rise, elaboration, and maintenance of complex social and political symbols of authority, ritual, and ceremony (centering on the construction, dismantling, remodeling, and use of earthen temple and burial mounds); (b) the development of elite status positions within certain Caddo communities; (c) increased sedentary life; and (d) the expanding reliance on tropical cultigens in the economy, with an intensification in the use of maize agriculture after about A.D. 1200. Regardless of the processes involved, it is clear that after about A.D. 900, the Caddo groups were complex and socially ranked societies with well-planned civic-ceremonial centers, conducted elaborate mortuary rituals and ceremonial practices, and engaged in extensive interregional trade. Caddoan societies shared much with their Mississippian neighbors, particularly the adoption of maize and the development of maize agricultural economies, as well as systems of social authority and ceremony.

In prehistoric times, the Caddos lived in dispersed communities of grass and cane covered houses, with the communities composed of isolated farmsteads, small hamlets, a few larger villages, and the civic-ceremonial centers. These centers had earthen mounds used as platforms for temple structures for civic and religious functions, for burials of the social and political elite, and for ceremonial fire mounds. The largest communities and the most important civic-ceremonial centers were primarily located along the major streams-the Red, Arkansas, Little, Ouachita, and Sabine rivers. The Caddo peoples developed a successful horticultural economy based on the cultivation of maize, beans, and squash, as well as such native cultigens as maygrass, amaranth, chenopods, and sunflowers. By about A.D. 1300 most Caddoan groups were consuming large amounts of maize, and this plant was clearly the most important food source for them after that time. Several varieties of corn were cultivated, an early or "little corn," harvested in July, and the "flour corn," harvested in September at the harvest of the Great Corn. Deer was the most important source of meat to the Caddos, who exploited bison and bear for their furs and meat. After the introduction of the horse in the late seventeenth century, the Caddos began to participate in winter communal bison hunts on the prairies to the west of their settlements. They developed long-distance trade networks in prehistoric times. Important items of trade were bison hides, salt, and bois d'arc bows, along with copper, stone, turquoise, and marine shell used for gorgets, cups, and dippers, as well as finished objects such as pottery vessels and large ceremonial bifaces. Many of the more important trade items were obtained from great distances (e.g., turquoise from New Mexico, copper from the Great Lakes, and marine shell from the Gulf Coast), and these items were often placed as grave goods in the burials of the social and political elite. The Caddo peoples had a sophisticated technology based on the use of clay, stone, bone, wood, shell, and other media for the manufacture of tools, clothing, ceramic vessels, basketry, ornaments, and other material items. The Caddos are particularly well known for the beautiful artistic and functional ceramic wares they made of many forms and functions, and the ceramics are considered some of the finest aboriginal pottery manufactured in North America. Stone was fashioned into arrowheads, and the Caddos also made ground stone celts and axes for use in removing trees and turning over the soil. They made bone into awls, beamers, digging implements, and hoes, as well as ornaments, beads, and whistles. Hoes and digging tools were also made of freshwater mussel shells, while marine shells obtained through trade were used in the production of shell pendants, gorgets, beads, and cups.

The Caddos traced descent through the maternal line rather than the paternal. Matrilineality was reflected in kinship terms, as the father and father's brothers were called by the same term as the mother and the mother's sisters. The Caddos recognized and ranked clans. Marriage typically occurred between members of different clans. Religious and political authority in historic Caddoan society rested in a hierarchy of key positions within and between the various affiliated communities and groups. The xinesi inherited a position of spiritual leadership, the caddi the position of principal headman of a community (also a hereditary leadership position), and the canahas the position of subordinate headmen or village elders. The Caddo people turned to the xinesi for mediation and communication with the supreme god, the Caddi Ayo, for religious leadership and decision-making influence between allied villages and in leading certain special rites, including first-fruits, harvest, and naming ceremonies. The xinesi imbued everyday life with the supernatural. The caddi was primarily responsible for making the important political decisions for the community, sponsoring important ceremonies, leading councils for war expeditions, and conducting the calumet (or peace pipe) ceremony with visitors to the communities. The most influential and politically astute Caddo leaders or caddices in historic times were Tinhiouen (from ca. 1760 to 1789) and Dehahuit (from ca. 1800 to 1833) of the Kadohadachos, and Iesh or José María (from about 1842 to 1862) of the Anadarko or Nadaco tribe.

At the time of sustained European (Spanish and French) contact with the Caddo groups in the late seventeenth century, Caddo peoples lived on the Red River and in East Texas. European populations-living in missions, ranches, and trading posts-increased throughout the eighteenth and into the early nineteenth century in the Red River valley and in the vicinity of Natchitoches and Nacogdoches, important fur trading centers, while epidemics between 1691 and 1816 greatly reduced Caddo populations. At the same time, the Caddo peoples participated in the fur trade, traded guns, horses, and other items to Europeans and other Indians, and developed new trade and economic networks. The resulting economic symbiosis between the Caddo groups and Europeans was an important means of acculturation because great quantities of European goods became available to the Caddo. While the Hasinai Caddo groups continued to live through the 1830s in their traditional East Texas homeland in the Neches and Angelina River valleys, the Kadohadacho groups moved off the Red River in the 1790s to get away from Osage depredations and slave-raiding. Their new settlements were between the Sabine River and Caddo Lake, generally along the boundary between the territory of Louisiana and the province of Texas. Most of the Kadohadachos remained in the Caddo Lake area until about 1842, although with the cession of Caddoan lands in Louisiana in 1835 and increased Texas settlement, other Kadohadacho moved to the Brazos River in north central Texas. By the early 1840s, all Caddo groups had moved to the Brazos River area to remove themselves from Anglo-American repressive measures and colonization efforts. They remained there until they were placed on the Brazos Indian Reservation in 1855, and then in 1859 the Caddos (about 1,050 people) were removed to the Washita River in Indian Territory (now western Oklahoma) with the help of Robert S. Neighbors, superintendent of Indian affairs in Texas.

During the Civil War most of the Caddo groups abandoned the Indian Territory and resettled in southern and eastern Kansas, but they moved back to the Wichita Reservation in 1867. By 1874 the boundaries of the Caddo reservation were defined, and the separate Caddo tribes agreed to unite as the unified Caddo Indian Tribe. Under the terms of the General Allotment Act of 1887, the Caddo reservation was partitioned in 1902 a 160-acre allotment for each enrolled Caddo, and the remaining lands were opened for white settlement. The Caddo peoples continue to live in western Oklahoma, primarily in Caddo County near the Caddo Indian Tribe's Tribal Complex, outside Binger, Oklahoma.

BIBLIOGRAPHY: Hiram F. Gregory, ed., The Southern Caddo: An Anthology (New York: Garland, 1986). Thomas R. Hester, Ethnology of the Texas Indians (New York: Garland, 1991). Frederick Webb Hodge, ed., Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico (2 vols., Washington: GPO, 1907, 1910; rpt., New York: Pageant, 1959). Marvin D. Jeter et al., Archeology and Bioarcheology of the Lower Mississippi Valley and Trans-Mississippi South in Arkansas and Louisiana (Research Series No. 37, Fayetteville: Arkansas Archeological Survey, 1989). Michael S. Nassaney and Charles R. Cobb, eds., Stability, Transformation, and Variation: The Late Woodland Southeast (New York: Plenum Press, 1991). Vynola B. Newkumet and Howard L. Meredith, Hasinai: A Traditional History of the Caddo Confederacy (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1988). Timothy K. Perttula, "The Caddo Nation": Archaeological and Ethnohistoric Perspectives (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1992). F. Todd Smith, The Caddo Indians (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1995). F. Todd Smith, "The Red River Caddos: A Historical Overview to 1835," Bulletin of the Texas Archeological Society 64 (1994). Dee Ann Story, Cultural History of the Native Americans, in Archeology and Bioarcheology of the Gulf Coast Plain (Research Series No. 38, Fayetteville, Arkansas: Arkansas Archeological Survey, 1990). John R. Swanton, Source Material on the History and Ethnology of the Caddo Indians (Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 132, Washington: GPO, 1942). Timothy K. Perttula What CITATION The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article. Timothy K. Perttula, "CADDO INDIANS," Handbook of Texas Online (http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/bmcaj), accessed November 19, 2015. Uploaded on June 12, 2010. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.

Mary Helen Raguet

Mary Helen Raguet BIRTH 1833 • Cincinnati, Madison County, Ohio DEATH 4 DEC 1868 • Collision of US and America on Ohio River "Daughter of Henry & Marcia A. Raguet Sister of Anna" Mary & her Brother, Condy were both lost on the steamboat America on the Ohio River.

The Steam Boat Accident that Condy, and Mary Raguet were killed in 1868

Here is the ‘Harpers’ account: “On December 4, 1868, the majestic packet steamer, the United States, the pride of the U.S. Mail Line, cast off from a wharf at the foot of Vine Street in Cincinnati, Ohio./Captain Richard Wade, one of the skilled navigators of the two rivers, was her master, J. Reemelin was at the wheel.Dinner had been served. The great cabin was bathed in the rosy glow in the beams of the crystal chandeliers with crimson shades, which swung from the paneled and frescoed ceiling./Two hours out it began to rain. It froze on the decks as fast as it fell. The upper works were covered in a mantle of ice that aptly gave the United States the appearance of a ghost ship. Pilot Reemelin was having a bit of trouble with her because of the prankish wind, which had increased in violence. She had a tendency to yaw and get out of the channel. Capt. Wade went up into the pilot house to stand watch with him and John Hamilton, the other pilot, was also standing by as a matter of precaution. It was a bad night on the river, but the passengers were unconscious of that fact./“Two miles this side of Warsaw, Kentucky is situated Rayl’s Landing. It juts some distance out into the stream. The channel follows it closely. This bend was the barrier from seeing each other’s lights. The America followed maritime law when her pilot twice sounded the whistle, which was a warning to any other boat that might be rounding the bend. Reemlin, in the pilothouse of the United States, failed to hear the warning whistle above the din of the rising wind. Hence no answering whistle from her. Again, Jenkins blew the whistle. This time, the United States responded, but the boats by this time were dreadfully close to each other. As the United States roared around the bend it was seen by the watchers on board both boats that a collision was inevitable./“In the circumstances, both pilots acted promptly. The engines were stopped and the America’s wheels were set to backing. but the momentum of the boats carried them on to swift and certain destruction. The prow of the America rammed the United States on the starboard side, just forward of the steps./“The boats were virtually locked together for a brief time, but the America backed away, but not in time to prevent the leaping flames, spurred into ferocity by the high wind, from communicating to her upper works./“To add to the terror of the situation, the surface of the river was covered with burning oil, and both shores were illuminated and teeming with fantastic silhouettes. The villagers of Warsaw heard the sound of the crash and saw the ruddy reflection in the sky. The church bells were rung. Carriages and wagons were commandeered and rescuers were on the way within minutes after the collision./“Both boats started for the Indiana shore, in the hope of landing and discharging passengers before the fire had complete control, but the perverse wind balked that attempt./Driven from refuge to refuge by the heat, the billowing smoke, and the searing flames, the passengers on the United States finally turned to the river as their only hope of sanctuary, but this hope was in vain, as the burning oil on the water, swept along buy the current, overwhelmed those who dared to leap into the river. The old river never presented a more dreadful spectacle of death than it staged at that midnight hour. It was all over quickly./There the America burned to the water’s edge. The survivors were taken to neighboring farm houses, where they were given primitive first aid for injuries. Very few of them escaped without being hurt more or less severely. The farm wives ripped up their pillow cases and sheets to be utilized as bandages. Couriers on horseback were sent in every direction to summon doctors. In one farmhouse alone there were twelve injured persons, lying side by side on the parlor floor. The true extent of this disaster never was revealed. The bodies of some of those who perished by drowning never were recovered. The nearest estimate to the number of dead was eighty, largely on the United States. Others say 170 perished. The America escaped with three fatalities. The news of this catastrophe did not reach Cincinnati until two days later, and then only when a rescuing steamer put in, having aboard the dead, the injured and numerous survivors who had not been harmed.” The available list of dead shows these names: “Mrs. R.A. Jones and daughter, Pensacola, Fla.; Miss Mary Johnson, Louisville; Mrs. C. M. Hayes, Nashville; H.H. Burkholder, banker, Louisville; the Rev. Robert Parvin, Philadelphia; a Mr. Elfers; the Rev. F.S. Rising, New York; a Mr. Hammers; Mrs. Clarke, Lexington, Ind.; Messrs. Ferris and Briggs; Mrs. Commodore Thompson and woman friend; Harry Brunswick, Cincinnati; Mr. Garvin, Louisville; Mr. and Mrs. Jonathan Crawford, Dayton, O.; O.B. Sappington, Madison, Ind.; Lew Vance, Madison, Ind.” (list is longer and there are significantly conflicting reports of the number of people who died) “The America was built about a year before she was destroyed and the United States three years before.” “The trial trip of the America took place on April 27, 1867, with the start from the foot of Vine Street. Two hundred persons were the guests of the Mail Line Company and the occasion was embellished with a superb feast spread in the commodious cabin. She had a gallery cabin over the main cabin and was equipped with 144 staterooms. She was 313 feet long, with a beam of forty-one feet, seven-foot hold, and had thirty-eight-foot wheels. She could make thirty miles an hour downstream and twenty miles an hour against the current. So could the United States.”(Harpers Weekly 1868)

Maj Henry W. Raguet

RAGUET, HENRY WYNKOOP (1824–1862). Henry Wynkoop Raguet, merchant and Confederate officer, was born in Cincinnati, Hamilton County, Ohio, on June 29, 1824, to Henry and Marcia Anne (Towers) Raguet. The elder Henry Raguet, a veteran of the War of 1812, traveled to New Orleans in 1832 following the collapse of his mercantile business. There he met Sam Houston, who encouraged him to settle in the Nacogdoches area of East Texas. In 1833 he returned to Ohio and brought his family to Nacogdoches the following year. Along with a brother, the younger Henry Raguet assumed control of his father's mercantile business in 1852. The family company was highly profitable, as Henry was listed as having $120,000 in his personal estate and $40,000 in real estate by 1860. On December 18, 1860, Raguet married Pamela O. Starr in Nacogdoches. They had no children. When the Civil War began, Raguet enlisted as a private in Gen. Tom Green's Brigade. Later, Raguet served as lieutenant and captain in Company H of the Fourth Texas Cavalry Regiment and received a promotion to major on August 23, 1861. Raguet saw extensive action with this unit during the Sibley campaign into New Mexico and was wounded in the leg at the battle of Valverde, on February 20, 1862. Raguet was mortally wounded during the battle of Glorieta on March 28, 1862. Following his death, his remains were taken by his brother to Santa Fe, New Mexico, where they were buried with full military honors at the Odd Fellows Cemetery. A memorial marker was placed in his honor at Oak Grove Cemetery in Nacogdoches County, Texas. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Carolyn Reeves Ericson, People of Nacogdoches County in the Civil War (Lufkin, Texas: Pineywood,1980). Nacogdoches County Genealogical Society, Nacogdoches County Families (Dallas: Curtis, 1985). Aragorn Storm Miller CITATION The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article. Aragorn Storm Miller, "RAGUET, HENRY WYNKOOP," Handbook of Texas Online (http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fra87), accessed November 18, 2015. Uploaded on April 8, 2011. Modified on January 18, 2013. Published by the Texas State Historical Association. Depiction of the Battle of Glorieta Pass by Roy Anderson The Battle of Glorieta Pass, fought from March 26 to 28, 1862 in northern New Mexico Territory, was the decisive battle of the New Mexico Campaign during the American Civil War. Dubbed the "Gettysburg of the West" (a term that "serves the novelist better than the historian") by some authors, it was intended as the killer blow by Confederate forces to break the Union possession of the West along the base of the Rocky Mountains. It was fought at Glorieta Pass in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains in what is now New Mexico, and was an important event in the history of the New Mexico Territory in the American Civil War. There was a skirmish on March 26 between advance forces from each army, with the main battle occurring on March 28. Although the Confederates were able to push the Union force back through the pass, they had to retreat when their supply train was destroyed and most of their horses and mules killed or driven off. Eventually, the Confederates had to withdraw entirely from the territory back into Confederate Arizona and then Texas. Glorieta Pass thus represented the climax of the campaign.

Scurry then launched a three pronged attack on the Union line: Pyron and Raguet were ordered to attack the Union right, Shropshire the Union left, with the remainder of the Confederate force under himself attacking the Union center, supported by the artillery. The attack on the Union left was routed, with Shropshire killed, the attack in the center stalled, while the artillery was forced to withdraw after one cannon was disabled and a limber destroyed. The attack along the line then stalled, with the Confederates fighting by squads "with a desperation unequaled by any engagement of the war." At around 3:00 pm, the Confederates managed to outflank the Union right, but Raguet was mortally wounded. From the ridge (known after the battle as "Sharpshooters Ridge"), the Confederates started to pick off the artillerymen and infantry below them, while Scurry started to press the Union center again. This made the Union position untenable, forcing Slough to order a retreat; Tappan organized the companies on the left flank into a rear guard. Slough then reformed his line a half mile east of Pigeon's Ranch, where both sides skirmished until dusk. Slough retreated back to Kozlowski's Ranch, leaving Scurry in possession of the field. In 1987 two Confederate burial sites were discovered at Pigeon's Ranch; one was a solitary grave of Shropshire and the other was a mass grave of 30 Confederates. Only Shropshire and five others could be positively identified

NACOGDOCHES, TX

NACOGDOCHES, TEXAS. Nacogdoches, the county seat of Nacogdoches County, is on State highways 7, 21, 59 (a principal artery to Houston), and 259, fifty miles west of the Sabine River and 100 miles north of Beaumont in the central part of the county. It was named for the Nacogdoche Indians, a Caddo group. Archeological research has established that mounds found in the area date from approximately A.D. 1250, when the Indians built lodges along Lanana and Bonita creeks, which converge just south of Nacogdoches and continue as a single stream to the Angelina River. The mounds were found to contain human bones and pottery. The expedition of René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, visited the area in 1687. Louis Juchereau de St. Denis was sent by the French governor Sieur Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac to establish trade with the Indians in Spanish Texas. St. Denis marked a trail through Nacogdoches to the Rio Grande, along part of the route later known as the Old San Antonio Road, and was briefly arrested. In the summer of 1716 he accompanied Domingo Ramón back to East Texas to found Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de los Nacogdoches and five other missions. The Franciscan Antonio Margil de Jesús had charge of the missions. Guadalupe Mission was abandoned briefly two years later due to fears of a French invasion but was reestablished by the Marqués de Aguayo in 1721. It operated more or less continuously until 1772, when viceroy Antonio María de Bucareli y Ursúa promulgated the New Regulations for Presidios, which recommended the recall of all missions and settlers to San Antonio. The following year Governor Juan María Vicencio de Ripperdáqv sent soldiers to force the removal of all Spanish subjects to San Antonio. Antonio Gil Ibarvo, from the Lobanillo Creek area southeast of Nacogdoches, became the leader of the settlers. He petitioned successfully for the group to be allowed to return part of the way to East Texas. They established a community named Bucareli on the banks of the Trinity River, where they remained for four years until floods and Indian raids caused Ibarvo to lead them in 1779 to the abandoned mission site at Nacogdoches, possibly the only building of European origin then standing in East Texas. Later Ibarvo was commissioned commander of the militia and magistrate of the pueblo of Nacogdoches, the first official recognition of civil status for the community. Nacogdoches became a gateway for trade, mostly illicit, with the French and later the Americans, from Natchitoches and New Orleans, Louisiana. Ibarvo constructed a stone house, later known as the Old Stone Fort, where he conducted business. Because of his governmental position it also assumed a public nature, which it retained until it was demolished in 1902. A replica of the building was constructed on the campus of Stephen F. Austin State University during the Texas Centennial celebration (1936). The location of Nacogdoches also gave it prominence in early military and political activities. During the 1790s the American mustanger and filibuster Philip Nolan often headquartered there. In 1806 Lt. Col. Simón de Herrera headquartered at Nacogdoches while negotiating the Neutral Ground agreement with Gen. James Wilkinson of the United States. In 1812 filibusters Augustus Magee and Bernardo Gutiérrez de Laraqqv proclaimed Texas free from Spain while at Nacogdoches, and they published the first newspaper in Texas, theGaceta de Tejas, before going on to meet defeat at the hands of Gen. Joaquín de Arredondo at a battle near San Antonio. Arredondo ordered all who collaborated with them to be arrested, and the entire population of Nacogdoches fled into the Texas or Louisiana wilderness for safety temporarily. Arredondo's men almost completely destroyed the town. After the signing of theAdams-Onís Treaty, which fixed the Sabine River as the boundary between Texas and the United States, James Longqv and 300 followers occupied Nacogdoches in 1819 and again declared Texas independent of Spain. Long remained in Nacogdoches only a short time before attempting another expedition on the coast, which resulted in his death. The empresarial grant of Haden Edwardsqvwas headquartered at Nacogdoches, as was his abortive Fredonian Rebellion of 1825–27. After this movement Col. José de las Piedras commanded a Mexican military garrison at Nacogdoches until driven from the area in August 1832 after the battle of Nacogdoches, one of the events that led to the Texas Revolution (see ANAHUAC DISTURBANCES). During that movement several prominent figures, including Hayden S. Arnold, N. Adolphus Sterne,qqv and four signers of theTexas Declaration of Independence-John S. Roberts, Charles S. Taylor, Thomas J. Rusk, and Robert Potterqqv-claimed Nacogdoches as their home. The town was a seat of unrest and supplied the revolutionary cause with men and money. After the revolution the uprising of Vicente Córdova against the Republic of Texas in 1838 also centered around Nacogdoches. In antebellum Texas and during the Civil War and Reconstruction,qqv Nacogdoches lost its prominence in state political and business affairs, due to lack of transportation facilities, particularly railroads and navigable rivers. Though once one of the three most important counties in Texas, Nacogdoches County was reduced to 902 square miles as other counties were formed from its territory. Nacogdoches itself had been incorporated in 1837. During the twentieth century it remained a small city with steady if not dramatic growth. When Stephen F. Austin State Teachers College (now Stephen F. Austin State University) was established in Nacogdoches in 1923, the college became the community's largest attraction to new residents and inducement to cultural activities. The Nacogdoches economy is based on education, agriculture, agricultural services, and manufacturing. The town is the headquarters for Texas Farm Products, a state leader in the manufacture of fertilizer, animal feed, and animal health products. Nacogdoches is a state leader in the broiler industry; several poultry hatcheries, feeders, and processing plants are located here (see POULTRY PRODUCTION). McGraw Edison (electrical equipment), Sun Terrace (lawn furniture), East Texas Canning Company (beverages), Bright Coop Company (chicken coops), Foretravel (recreation vehicles), Herider Farms (processed poultry), Holly Farms and Indian River International (chicks, feed, poultry breeding stock), Mize Brothers Manufacturing Company (women's wear), Moore Business Forms, and NIBCO (valves) are among the local industries. Nacogdoches is a distribution and trade center for East Texas. Tourism is also a major industry. Public ground transportation is provided by the Southern Pacific Railroad, the Trailways Bus Line, and seven freight companies, and private air service is available at East Texas Regional Airport, operated by the city, on State Highway 7 southwest of town. Nacogdoches has two commercial radio stations and a public station sponsored by the university. It receives signals from television station KTRE, which also serves Lufkin, twenty miles to the south. The Daily Sentinel is the city's only newspaper. The community supports several financial institutions. The population was 27,149 in 1980 and 30,872 in 1990. By 2000 the population was 29,914. The town is predominantly white, but African Americans make up an estimated one-third of the population, and the Hispanic population is rapidly growing. There are a few American Indian and Asian residents. Residents are served by nearly forty churches, of which nearly one-half are Baptist. Other communions represented are Assembly of God, Catholic, Church of Christ, Church of God, Episcopal, Lutheran, Methodist, Mormon, Nazarene, Pentecostal, Presbyterian, and Seventh-day Adventist. Cultural activities in Nacogdoches center around Stephen F. Austin State University, where local and professional theatrical productions and musical performances are held. More than seventy civic, professional, and fraternal organizations are present in the city. The Nacogdoches Independent School District provides kindergarten, elementary, and secondary education, and private schools located at Christ Episcopal Church and Fredonia Hill Baptist Church provide elementary education. Stephen F. Austin State University, which grants baccalaureate and graduate degrees, annually enrolls approximately 12,000 students. Spectator sports are available at the high school and collegiate level. Other recreation is available at the city parks, at the lake belonging to the park system (primarily intended as a water reservoir), and at nearby Sam Rayburn and Toledo Bend reservoirs.qqv Nacogdoches is located on hilly terrain with an altitude that varies from 150 feet to 600 feet above sea level. The center of the city, still a viable downtown shopping area, is a mixture of historic and contemporary architecture. It includes the city hall, a public library, and a retail shopping area with food services, although most fast-food businesses are located along North Street near the university campus. Victorian homes are located along shaded Mound Street, and later subdivisions ring the city. Historic preservation is encouraged; among the historic structures are the restored home of Adolphus Sterne, the oldest structure in the city, the Old University Building, the Blount House, Millard's Crossing (a preservation village), and many private dwellings. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Rogayle Franklin, "Nacogdoches: Industry and Education Amidst History," Texas Business, March 1983. Archie P. McDonald, The Old Stone Fort (Austin: Texas State Historical Association, 1981). Archie P. McDonald, comp., Nacogdoches: Wilderness Outpost to Modern City, 1779–1979 (photocopy, Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, University of Texas at Austin). Archie P. McDonald CITATION The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article. Archie P. McDonald, "NACOGDOCHES, TX," Handbook of Texas Online(http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hdn01), accessed November 17, 2015. Uploaded on June 15, 2010. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.